Hamlet William Shakespeare s Hamlet - 1364 Words

Joseph Varnell Dr. Kerri Allen English 1102-09 29 April 2015 To be or not to be: That is the question In William Shakespeare’s play Hamlet the main character Hamlet uses several soliloquies throughout throughout the play. But there is one soliloquy; â€Å"To be, or not to be† that can arguably the most well-known soliloquy in theatre history. Even to this very day, four hundred years after the play was written, several people are vaguely aware with the soliloquy, even though they may have never heard of the play. Most people misinterpret those well-known words of Hamlet’s, not knowing the background behind the words. Hamlet anticipates whether he should take it upon himself to act appropriately to his new step-father’s/uncle’s crime against his own father or not. However, later on, Hamlet understands Fortinbras’ resolve and his pursuit for success. After observing Fortinbras and his actions, Hamlet comes to realize that he must avenge his father’s murder and bring inner peace with himself. In his most famous soliloquy, Hamlet considers whether he should take action and seek revenge for his father’s death or live with the agony of his father’s massacre. Hamlet shows signs of weakness when he passes up the chance to kill Claudius by explaining that he has made peace with God, as a result, sending him to Heaven if he were to be killed. He also considers whether it is better to stay alive or take his own life. â€Å"To die, to sleep--/ No more; and by a sleep to say we end/ TheShow MoreRelatedHamlet : William Shakespeare s Hamlet1259 Words   |  6 PagesOmar Sancho Professor Christopher Cook English 201-0810 Hamlet Paper 23 May 2016 Hamlet Character Analysis â€Å"There is nothing either good or bad, but thinking makes it so.†(Act 2, Scene 2, 239-251) Hamlet by William Shakespeare is one of the most famous plays written that conveys a multitude theme. But most predominant is the presence of Hamlet s obsession with philosophy of life, throughout the play Hamlet philosophy reviles his point of view love, loyalty, the importance of family and friendsRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet - Hamlet1160 Words   |  5 PagesPart 1: Hamlet Word Count: 1000 In what ways does Shakespeare s Hamlet explore the human mind? The play Hamlet written by William Shakespeare, is seen to be an exploration of the human mind and shows the consequences our actions have when they are acted in pure impulse and emotion instead of being thought about. The character Hamlet makes majority of his decision in the heat of the moment, but had trouble deciding which action to take after intense consideration. The actions that Hamlet doesRead MoreHamlet By William Shakespeare s Hamlet1936 Words   |  8 PagesWilliam Shakespeare s, Hamlet, written in the seventeenth century and first performed in 1602, is still a complex and intriguing play that encompasses many Jungian archetypes in relation to the setting and characters. This play was approximately four centuries old before Shakespeare reworked it for the stage. Hamlet is based on events involving the death of the King of Denmark according to the Norse legends. This paper deals with a small portion of the entirety of the events in Hamlet. ScholarsRead MoreWilliam Shakesp eare s Hamlet - Hamlet And The Ghost Essay1550 Words   |  7 PagesAlthough written over 400 hundred years ago, Hamlet remains a puzzling and complex play, partially due to the ambiguous Queen Gertrude. The Queen is a puzzling character as her motives are unclear and readers question her intentions throughout the play. Townsend and Pace in The Many Faces Of Gertrude: Opening And Closing Possibilities In Classroom Talk view her â€Å"as a simple-minded, shallow woman...who has no self beyond a sexual one† while Harmonie Loberg in Queen Gertrude: Monarch, Mother, MurdererRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet Essay902 Words   |  4 PagesTo be, or not to be; that s the question† (Act III, Scene 1, P.1127) is of the most widely circulated lines. As we all know, it is also the most important part of the drama, â€Å"Hamlet†, which is one of the most famous tragedy in the literature written by William Shakespeare between from 1599 to1602. The drama was written at the age of Renaissance that reflects the reality of the British society in sixteenth century to early seventeenth century. During that period, Britain was in the era of reverseRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet 1265 Words   |  6 PagesWe have all been guilty at some point in our lives of trying to act like a conflict we ve had has not existed or been a problem at all. In William Shakespeare s Hamlet we are bombarded with characters that are avoiding conflict by acting like they don t exist. Although majority of my classmates felt Hamlet was a play about revenge, I believe Shakespeare is addressing the issue of chaos and how it cannot be rectified by conjuring up a false reality; it only pushes the conflict into further disarrayRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet 1130 Words   |  5 PagesHoratio and Hamlet that demonstrate how he changes from the beginning to the end of the play. In the epic tragedy Hamlet, by William Shakespeare, Prince Hamlet is trapped in a world of evil that is not his fault. Hamlet’s demeanor and attitude fluctuate over the course of the play. While Hamlet means well and is portrayed to be very sensitive and moral, at times he can appear to be overruled by the madness and darkness from the tragedy of his father s murder. His dealings with his dad s ghostlyRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet 1116 Words   |  5 PagesTeresa Fang Professor Moore Humanities 310 28 October 2015 To Seek Revenge or to Wait? Hamlet is a very enigmatic fellow. In Hamlet by William Shakespeare, the theme of revenge is presented as a controversial one. Before the play was set, Prince Hamlet’s uncle and new stepfather, King Claudius, had taken part in the assassination of his brother, old King Hamlet. Old King Hamlet died without a chance to receive forgiveness for his sins. As a result, his spirit is condemned to walk the earthRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet 1077 Words   |  5 Pagessuch as William Shakespeare have 4dictated their works in a way that allows for them to integrate common occurrences of new psychological findings into a text, giving them an opportunity to sculpt characters that differentiate themselves from one another. Psychoanalytical Criticism is the application of psychological studies incorporated into the findings of contemporary literature, principles founded by Sigmund Freud and Jacques Lacan are most commonly referred to in these texts. Hamlet is an identityRe ad MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet 2273 Words   |  10 Pages William Shakespeare was an English playwright, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world s pre-eminent dramatist. Shakespeare is perhaps most famous for his tragedies. Most of his tragedies were written in a seven-year period between 1601 and 1608. One of these tragedies is his famous play Hamlet. The age of Shakespeare was a great time in English history. The reign of Queen Elizabeth saw England emerge as the leading naval and commercial power of the

The Declaration Of The Stamp Act - 1241 Words

Under the rule of King George III, many colonists felt robbed of their rights and freedoms. Consistently abused by the British government, the colonists decided to ask for freedom. The colonists were considered citizens of Great Britain, therefore forcing them to follow any of Great Britain’s laws. Colonists learned to depend on Britain for supplies and products to help their economy, which increased Britain’s economy as well. The colonists had to listen and obey all ranges of Britain’s government and faced consequences if they rebelled. The passing of these three acts limited the colonist’s privileges and resulted in them yearning for freedom. The Tea Act, Stamp Act and Intolerable Acts were the most important in leading the colonists to writing the Declaration of Independence. The ratification of the Stamp Act, Tea Act, and Intolerable Act occurred within 1765-1774. Each act forced colonists to pay a tax or limit their rights, whether to create revenue for the British government or keep tighter controls on the country and economy. These three acts pushed the colonists’ further into their dream for independence. They drew up the Declaration of Independence, which asked King George III for freedom from the British. The Stamp Act was approved following the French and Indian War. The passing of this act forced colonists to pay a tax on any printed good. This created revenue for the British Parliament. Following the Townshend Act, a tax placed on glass, lead and other goods,Show MoreRelatedInfluence Of Benjamin Franklin On American Revolution889 Words   |  4 Pages17, 1790. He was the He was very involved in the American Revolution. What did he do for the American Revolution? Ways that he influenced the War was when he warned the colonists that the F rench were coming, he stopped the stamp act, and he was a big part of the Declaration of Independence. First of all, Benjamin Franklin was an influence to the American Revolution because he warned the colonist that the French were coming to attack. â€Å"French men were coming down from Canada. As early as 1748 FranklinRead MoreThe Reasons Behind The Writing Of The Declaration Of Independence896 Words   |  4 PagesThe Reasons Behind the Writing of the Declaration of Independence There were several events that led up to the writing and publication of the Declaration of Independence. The colonists did not understand why they were being taxed on items such as stamps and tea which was extremely essential to the colonists at this time. The phrase â€Å"taxation without representation† was used by the colonists to show their outrage with these taxes from England. They set out to rebel and started the American RevolutionRead More1.In The Parliamentary Debate, What Were The Primary Arguments1660 Words   |  7 Pages1. In the Parliamentary debate, what were the primary arguments for and against enacting the Stamp Act? The debate started in order to oppose enactment of the Stamp Act which Americans believed was denying them the Englishman right. The Act was passed on 1765 by the British Government which imposed tax to all American colonists requiring them to pay tax on all printed papers they used. The act underwent parliamentary argument as a result of the theory of virtual representation. It was perceived likeRead MoreThe French And Indian War895 Words   |  4 PagesMany wars were fought between the English and the French. The French and Indian War was an important factor in the writing of the Declaration of Independence. The war was very costly for the British. After the war ended the British thought of ways to gain money from the colonists to help replenish funds lost from the war. This usually was in the form of taxes. The colonists were not happy with the British government and made their feelings and opinions known. The colonists wanted their freedom andRead MoreKey Terms : Cherokee War- C onflict During 1759856 Words   |  4 Pagesthe eastern side of the Appalachian Mountains. Quartering Acts- Acts of Parliament requiring colonial legislatures to provide supplies and quarters for the troops stationed in America. Sugar Act- Law passed in 1764, which was used to raise revenue in the American colonies. It lowered the duty from six pence to three pence per gallon on foreign molasses imported into the colonies and increased the restrictions on colonial commerce. Stamp Act- Law passed in 1765 that raised revenue in America by requiringRead MoreThe Political Basis of the American Revolution Essay1015 Words   |  5 Pages These congresses were the Stamp Act Congress, the First Continental Congress and the Second Continental Congress. The main reason the colonists revolted against the British was in response to the Stamp Act. The Stamp Act was a tax stamp which appeared on every newspaper, legal document, on every customs and shipping document, and on other documents such as tavern licenses and college diplomas. The tax largely affected the middle and lower classes. The act was passed by Parliament onRead MoreApush Dbq 81479 Words   |  6 PagesFor many years before the actual Revolutionary War, the Americans and the British already had built up grievances and hate between each other. Some may argue with such tension, war was inevitable. In the famous Declaration of Independence, the Americans not only declared their freedom but also included a list of their grievances addressed to King George III. The events leading to these accusations explain the complaints leveled against the King and prove their validity. One of the charges againstRead MoreEssay on Dbq Causes of Revolutionary War726 Words   |  3 Pagesreceived. Document 2 According to Dickinson, what taxes was Parliament justified in imposing on the colonies? According to Dickinson, Parliament was justified in imposing the Stamp Act on the colonies. Why did he object to the Stamp Act and the Townshend Acts? Dickinson objected to the Stamp Act and the Townshend Acts because he did not have the authority to levy taxes. Document 3 How does the engraving tell a different story from the above description of the Boston Massacre? The engravingRead MoreThe United States1302 Words   |  6 Pages$900,000 worth of tea at that time In response, Britain passed the Coercive (Intolerable Acts) Massachusetts must pay for the tea, port of Boston was closed until the damages were repaid, MA charter was voided, and town hall meetings were outlawed - British coming down hard on Boston colonists, not being leniant The Continental Congress Responds the continental congress was formed in response to the Coercive Acts 12 colonies (not Georgia) sent representatives to have grievances redressed and a boycottRead MoreThe Declaration Of Independence : The United States1552 Words   |  7 Pagespossible by their bravery and the creation of the Declaration of Independence. The Declaration of Independence was a document that was written by Thomas Jefferson, who was 33 years old at the time. Only a few changes were made by Benjamin Franklin and John Adams. The document was written for the many reasons why the American Colonist wanted to break ties with Britain. The first of the many reasons that lead to The Declaration of Independence was The Stamp Act of 1765. It was the first direct, internal

Analyse the Role and Impact of Fiscal Policy Free Essays

Traditionally, the Australian government has attempted to achieve its economic objectives through the implementation of macroeconomic policies especially fiscal policy (the budget). Fiscal policy (FP) is a macroeconomic management policy as it plays a critical role in influencing the level of aggregate demand (AD) in the economy. It aids the government in achieving its economic objectives, of managing and stabilising the business cycle so that the economy experiences internal balance (price stability full employment), external stability (management of CAD, financing import expenses with export income and the ability to service our debt) and relatively stable economic growth. We will write a custom essay sample on Analyse the Role and Impact of Fiscal Policy or any similar topic only for you Order Now Graph Fiscal policy deals with the government’s use of government expenditure (G) and taxation (T) i. . the budget outcome to influence (AD) and resource allocation and income distribution. Fiscal policy is all about budgetary outcomes as they give an indication on the state of the economy; the 3 outcomes are neutral, expansionary and the government’s current contractionary stance where government revenue is greater than expenditure. A contractionary stance may be used to slow the rate of economic growth and aid in reducing inflationary pressures. Within the budget there is a cyclical and a structural component. The structural discretionary component is the deliberate change to government revenue and taxation and the cyclical non-discretionary component involves the changes to government spending caused by changes in economic activity. The budget has deteriorated significantly on the back of a strong Australian dollar (AUD), falling terms of trade, plateauing of the mining boom and subdued consumer confidence resulting in a budget deficit of $19. b for 2012-13 and is forecasted for a deficit of $18b for 2013-14. The first economic objective is economic growth which aims to increase real income and spread the benefits of the mining boom and increase income distribution. In this budget the government has taken up a mildly contractionary stance delaying its short term goal of a budget surplus as it balances its commitment to fiscal consolidation against possible weaknesses in economic activity, increased unemployment and a lack o f investment and growth. This stance allows the government to gradually service’s its debt and return to surplus by 2016-17 as it realises slowdowns in the economy as the mining boom has moved of its peak and has plateaued along with commodity prices. The end of the mining boom will see Australia move from mining back to the services sector where around 75% of labour is employed, this transition will see E. G grow below trend (3-4%) at 2. 75% in 2013-14 before returning to 3% by 2014-15. To ensure long term sustainable E. G the government will implemented key structural reforms like ‘GONSKI’ ($9. 8b), ‘NBN’ ($37. 4b), ‘NDIS’ ($14. 3b) and the National Building Program (NBP $24b). They aim to improve the nation’s productive capacity by boosting human capital, infrastructure capacity, labour productivity levels and reduce capacity constraints restraining allowing Australia to capitalise on growth in Asia. To fund these reforms the government has found $43b in savings over the next 4years and they include the abolition of the baby bonus ($4. b), increase in the Medicare levy ($11. 8b) and deferring income tax cuts ($1. 5b). By abolishing the baby bonus and the family tax benefits in the short run it leads to income inequality and a lower standard of living. Internal balance is another economic objective which looks at price stability by maintaining low inflationary pressures ensuring sustainable economic growth and full employment of the factors of production especially labour. The government’s planned return to surplus by 2016-17 can be achieved by adopting a contractionary stance by reducing (G) in (AD). By reducing (G) it helps keep demand pull inflation down keeping to the RBA’s target band of 3-4%, low inflation is beneficial for our external balance especially exports and also keeps E. G at sustainable levels. Two major government reforms are GONSKI which aims to improve educational and human capital levels and NDIS which looks to return the disabled into the workforce to increase employment levels. A gov’t instrument used to control internal balance and smooth out fluctuations in the business cycle are automatic stabilisers which are a cyclical component as it’s used according to various economic conditions. The two auto-stabilisers are progressive taxation meaning that when workers start earning more they move into higher tax brackets paying more tax and welfare payments which are handed out to the unemployed to help stimulate growth during a downturn in the business cycle, they are used to help the even distribution of income and improve our gini-coefficient. Graph The final objective is external balance which is the ability of Australia to manage the CAD by financing import costs with export revenue as well as paying off debt. As the CAD may be deemed unsustainable if it exceeds 5% of GDP which may lead to a debt trap, Australia’s debt to GDP ratio stands at 1. 3% significantly lower than other advanced nations. Australia’s persistent CAD’s is a result of our narrow export base as we as the structural problem of low domestic savings. A narrow export base contributes to our CAD as domestic industries esp. the manufacturing isn’t internationally competitive. To address this issue the government has taken to fiscal consolidation to attempt to increase national savings and reduce the savings investment gap as well as reduce inflationary pressures resulting in cheaper exports and reforms such as â€Å"NBN† and â€Å"NBP† look to reallocate resources to more efficient industries and improve out international competitiveness. These policies and reforms help increase savings and revenue hence reducing our reliance on foreign capital and investment will help reduce our foreign liabilities; however delaying the return to surplus means we have increased foreign liabilities and servicing costs. The govt’s mildly contractionary stance aims to achieve its economic objectives of sustainable growth, internal and external balances. Through new reforms they are able to boost economic activity, resource allocation and distribution of income. â€Å"GONSKI† aims at improving our nation’s productive capacity to capitalise on growth in Asia and provide long term sustainable growth. Resources reallocated into the â€Å"NBN† and â€Å"NBP† to increase productivity and international competitiveness as well as internal and external balances. The â€Å"NDIS† funded by the increased Medicare levy is an example of distribution of income. By delaying the return to surplus it doesn’t stall the economy as it goes through a transition period from mining to services, although the unemployment rate has risen to 5. 8% it still remains at low. However it does mean an increased CAD and external balance. So the 2013-14 budget has been effective in achieving the government’s economic objective. How to cite Analyse the Role and Impact of Fiscal Policy, Papers

Quantitative and Qualitative Mixed Models Analysis

Question: Describe about the main ideas of quantitative methods? Answer: Section 1 Literature review and ANOVA In a todays, the qualitative and quantitative research is become so much important. The process of doing both qualitative and quantitative research at a time is called as mixed research models. There are so many skills required for doing this analysis for mixed research models. First we have to decide our goal or aim for the research. After deciding this aim, then we need to categorize the data collected by using the instrument. Data collection is very important step in the research process. If there is mistake during the process of collecting data, it results into wrong estimates about the population. Taking care during collecting data is very important factor in the research process. After collection of this data, we need to classify whether this data is qualitative or quantitative. Then after, the data analysis is the important part for proving our claims. In data analysis, we use different statistical methods. There may be different statistical methods for the quantitative and qu alitative data. Also sometimes it is depends upon what we have to prove. After data analysis, the last task is to write the results or conclusions for our study. In quantitative data analysis, there are two main categories of data analysis. First is descriptive statistics and second is the inferential statistics. In the descriptive statistics analysis, we study the variables for the mean, mode, median, minimum, maximum, range, standard deviation, variance, kurtosis, skewness, etc. That is, we study all the descriptive measurements regarding the variables in this descriptive analysis. Descriptive analysis of the variable gives us the idea about the data regarding the variable under study. Range and standard deviation provides view about the spread of the data and skewness provides the skew of the data. In fact we understand the what type of the distribution of the data for the given variable is. Study of descriptive statistics for each variable under study is very important because it gives us some clue for the next inferential statistics. It also provides the facility of comparison between the different descriptive statistics among the differ ent variables under study. Inferential statistics is the main part for the data analysis. It provides us the testing of hypothesis for the different claims regarding the variables or data under study. In the testing of hypothesis, we establish the null and alternative hypothesis or we can say that we test the claim of researcher. Then we decide the some level of significance or alpha value for this test. Most of the time, we take a level of significance as the 5% or 0.05. Next step in the testing of hypothesis is the finding the test statistic value. We use the test statistic formula for the calculation of the test statistic value. Selection of the proper test for the claim is very important in the testing of hypothesis. There are several statistical hypothesis tests are available and proper selection is depends upon what we want to prove. After finding out the test statistic value, we can find the p-value for this test. After finding the p-value we compare this p-value with the alpha value or given level of s ignificance for this hypothesis test. Then at last we take the decision about the null hypothesis or the claim associated with this test. We reject the null hypothesis if the p-value is less than the given level of significance and we do not reject the null hypothesis if the p-value is greater than the given level of significance or alpha value. Now, we have to see for what purpose we use the ANOVA. ANOVA is nothing but the analysis of variances. It is used when there are more than two variables. When we have only two samples, then we can use t test or z test but there are so many situations, there are more than two variables are available for analysis. In this situation we need to use the ANOVA test. ANOVA found very important in the analysis of the multiple variables. One way ANOVA is the statistical technique for testing the equality of the population means for three or more than three variables. In this test, there are so many calculations but due to the availability of different software, it gives us fast result. We uses ANOVA test for checking whether all the population means are same or not. In other words, we check whether a difference in all treatments and among treatments is. We take the decision about ANOVA based on p-value. We know the decision rule for rejecting or not rejecting null hypothesis. The decision rul e is given as below: Decision rule: We reject the null hypothesis when the p-value is less than the given level of significance or alpha value. We do not reject the null hypothesis when p-value is greater than the given level of significance or alpha value. So, we take the decision according to the decision rule given above and then at final, we write the conclusion about the null hypothesis for study. Different tests of independence In this topic, we have to see the different test of independence. First we have to see the chi square test for independence. Chi square test for independence Here, we have to see how we have to conduct the chi square test for independence. We use this test when we are given the two categorical variables from the single population. By using this test, we have to check whether there are any significant association exists between these two variables or not. There are so many examples for categorical data. For example, in surveys voters are divided as male and female. This chi square test for independence has mainly four steps given as below: First establish the hypothesis Formulate the analysis for test Analysis of the sample data Conclusion or interpretation The null and alternative hypotheses are given as below: Null hypothesis: Variables under study are independent. Alternative hypothesis: Variables under study are not independent. Next step in this test is to decide the level of significance. It is important because it gives us the margin of accuracy of results. After deciding level of significance or alpha value, we need to find out the test statistic value. After finding test statistic value, we find the p-value. Then we take the decision about null hypothesis based on the p-value. Last step is to make a conclusion about the null hypothesis. Section 2 and 3 5 journal articles Article 1: Education, Occupation and Earnings In this article, researcher study the different variables regarding the education, occupation and earnings. Researcher also find out the relationship between the education and occupation, education and earning; and occupation and earnings. Also researcher find the collectively relationship among the three variables education, occupation and earnings. Researcher uses different statistical analysis for this study. First of all researcher collects the data for the education, occupation and earnings. Then he arranges this data in a systematic format for next study. Then after he divide this data according to the different category such as male and female, etc. dividing data is very important because this would helpful for the analysis of particular category. Then researcher find out the some descriptive statistics for these variables under study. The study of descriptive statistics is very important because it gives the brief idea about the data under study. After this researcher find ou t the correlation coefficients between the different pairs of variables. Researcher finds the correlation coefficients between the variables education and occupation, education and earnings and finally he find out the correlation coefficient between the occupation and earnings. Also researcher find out the correlation coefficients according to the gender of the person involved in this study. Then researcher uses the different design of experiments for this study. The model of multiple regression is used for the study of relationship between the three variables education, occupation and earnings. After some calculations, researcher find out the multiple regression equation for the relationship between the education, occupation and earnings. Researcher test the claim that there is significant relationship exists between these three variables. Researcher found that there is significant linear relationship exists between these three variables under study. Then after, researcher added some more variables for this study. Researcher added the variable like achievements in early career, etc. Then again find out the relationship between the different pairs and find out the results and regression equations for the different pairs. Article 2: Inequality among world citizens: 1820 1992 This article investigates the distribution of well being among world citizens during the last two centuries. The results of this study show the inequality of world distribution for the income during the period of 19th century. This article studies some theoretical issues about the world distribution of income. The study was focused on international differences in GDP per capita. This article shows that inequality among the countries is the key factor in world inequality. But, this article also shows that world inequality is not well approximated by testing hypothesis that all civilians in the same country have same income. For this purpose, they used different tests and other statistical methods. For different hypothesis they used different suitable tests of hypothesis and then according to the p-value they take the decisions about null hypothesis. For the study of above discussed article, they collected the data from each country and then use this data for analysis. One sample tests, two sample tests and multiple sample tests were used for this study of inequality among world citizens. Article 3: Effective Practices for developing reading comprehension There was a rich history for the study of reading comprehension research. There are so many different issues regarding the reading comprehension. This article also explains the idea of teaching comprehension. In this article, the things by good readers are given as below: Good readers are active readers. From the outset they have clear goals in mind for their reading. They constantly evaluate whether the text is meeting their goal or not. A good reader looks over the text or book before they read. There are so much reasons or activities described for the good readers. For the study of different hypothesis regarding the reading comprehension, data is collected for the two different groups. With practice and without practice data collected for testing the hypothesis regarding the reading comprehension. Then by using this data, they perform the appropriate test and at finally take the decision about null hypothesis whether it have to reject or do not reject. We take this decision by comparing the p-value and level of significance or alpha value. We know that if the p-value is less than the level of significance or alpha value, then we reject the null hypothesis and if the p-value is greater than the level of significance or alpha value, then we do not reject the null hypothesis. Article 4: For this article, researcher collects the self reported data for the men and women from the year 1973 to 1974. Here researcher collects the self reported data first and then again collects the actual real data for the height and weight for the men and women. Then researcher arranges this data in a systematic format according to the two categories such as male and female. After doing this, researcher calculate the different proportions for the height and weight of the male and female respondents. Researcher uses some tests for checking his claims. After doing all these, researcher draws some conclusions regarding the data of height and weight for the male and females. Researcher wants to check the accuracy of this data. The recorded data is regarding with the height and weight of the men and women. Researcher found that men and women both were reported, on the average, with small but systematic errors. Researcher found that larger errors were obtained in certain population subgroups. Also researcher found that men and women differed somewhat in the pattern of misreporting. Researcher found that weight was understated by 1.6% by men and 3.1% by women while height was overstated by 1.3% by men and 0.6% by women. Researcher found in the previous studies that the most important correlates of the amount of error were actual measurements of height and weight. Researcher found the interesting finding that misreporting of both height and weight in men was correlated with both aspects of body size, whereas for women, it was related mainly to the characteristic in question. Researcher also found the impact of the some demographic variables such as age and educational level has some importance in the misreporting of the height and weight. Article 5: Instrumental variables and search for Identification: From Supply and Demand to Natural Experiments Here, researcher uses the method of instrumental variables. This method was first used in the 1920s for estimation of the supply and demand elasticitys. Again this method was used to correct the measurement error in the single equation models. Currently instrumental variables are widely used for the reduction of the bias from the omitted variables in the estimation of the causal relationships such as the effect of schooling on earnings. Here researcher use the method of randomized experiments for the study of supply and demand. Also researcher study the pattern for the supply and demand. Researcher also conclude that an instrumental variables estimate of the demand elasticity can be constructed by dividing the sample covariance between the log quantity of flaxseed and the yield per acre by the sample covariance between the log price of flaxseed and the yield per acre. This estimate is consistent estimate. This is consistent as long as the yield per acre is uncorrelated with the error in the demand equation and correlated with price. Researcher also found that replacing the yield per acre by the price of substitutes for this calculation, then it generates an instrumental variables estimate of the supply elasticity. References: David Freedman, Robert Pisani, Roger Purves, Statistics, 3rd ed., W. W. Norton Company, 1997. Morris H. DeGroot, Mark J. Schervish Probability and Statistics, 3rd ed., Addison Wesley, 2001. Leonard J. Savage, The Foundations of Statistics, 2nd ed., Dover Publications, Inc. New York, 1972. Robert V. Hogg, Allen T. Craig, Joseph W. McKean, An Introduction to Mathematical Statistics, 6th ed., Prentice Hall, 2004. George Casella, Roger L. Berger, Statistical Inference, 2nd ed., Duxbury Press, 2001. David R. Cox, D. V. Hinkley, Theoretical Statistics, Chapman Hall/CRC, 1979. Peter J. Bickel, Kjell A. Doksum, Mathematical Statistics, Volume 1, Basic Ideas and Selected Topics, 2rd ed. Prentice Hall, 2001. T. S. Ferguson, Mathematical Statistics: A Decision Theoretic Approach, Academic Press, Inc., New York, 1967 Harald Cramr, Mathematical Methods of Statistics, Princeton, 1946 10.Laubach RS, Koschnick K. Using Readability: Formulas for Easy Adult Materials. Syracuse, NY: New Readers Press, 1977. SPSS-X Users Guide. 3rd edition. Chicago. IL: SPSS, Inc., 1988. 12.Doak L, Doak C. Patient comprehension profiles: recent findings and strategies. Patient Couns Health Educ. 1980;2:1016. 13.Anthony, R. N. and Herzlinger, R. E. (1980). Management Control in Nonprofit Organizations. Homewood, Ill: Irwin. 14.Balderston, F. E. (1975). Managing Today's University. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.